Structural, morphological, optical, and radiation shielding properties for BaO–TeO₂ glass ceramic modified with different oxides: Bi₂O₃, MoO₃, MnO₂, and TiO₂

This study investigates the impact of different modifiers on the optical, structural, morphological, and radiation-shielding properties of BaO–TeO₂ glass ceramics. Various physicochemical instruments were used to assess structure, morphological, and optical properties, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and UV–Vis. The photon protection features were computed theoretically based on the Phy-X program. The XRD results showed different main phases in glass ceramics samples; other secondary phases appeared in each sample. The morphological results affirm the formation of some crystallized and glassy states with heterogeneous agglomerations. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values at 0.2835 MeV for BiBTGC, TiBTGC, MnBTGC, and MoBTGC samples are 1.427, 0.852, 0.870, and 0.952 cm⁻¹, respectively. Based on this result, the BiBTGC and MoBTGC samples showed the best gamma and neutron radiation shielding performances, respectively. While TiBTGC and BiBTGC samples showed the highest and lowest charged particle shielding properties, respectively.