A Building Simulation Approach to Achieving Net-Zero Residential Housing in the UK: Learnings and Opportunities

The residential sector in the UK contributes over 25% of total energy consumption, making it a critical focus for achieving national net-zero carbon targets. This study employs a simulation-based approach to evaluate the feasibility of achieving net-zero energy in typical UK residential dwellings using a staged intervention strategy grounded in the “fabric-first” philosophy. A representative base model—developed from the English Housing Survey and validated against national energy data—was used to simulate three intervention stages: (1) passive design enhancements to Passivhaus standards, (2) electrification through heat pump integration, and (3) renewable energy generation via rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems. Results indicate that improving fabric performance can reduce heating demand by up to 25%, with additional savings achieved through heat pump adoption, resulting in a total energy consumption reduction of approximately 59.4%. PV systems generated a surplus of electricity, theoretically achieving net-zero performance. However, a significant temporal mismatch between energy generation and consumption patterns—especially in the UK’s temperate climate—necessitates storage or load-shifting strategies, which face cost and space limitations. This research underscores that while net-zero status is technically feasible for UK homes, practical implementation requires a locally tailored, integrated approach that considers building typology, occupant behavior, and seasonal energy demands. Key challenges include the need for scalable storage solutions and behavioral engagement at the household level. The findings support the role of policy, technological innovation, and occupant participation in driving the decarbonization of the UK’s residential sector toward climate targets.