Advances in Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Production, Functionalization, and Applications for Contaminant Removal

Biomass waste is a promising, cost-effective, and sustainable source of biomass-derived carbon materials (BCMs) because of its high carbon content, renewability, and environmental friendliness. This review discusses the synthesis of BCMs from several organic sources, including plant materials, animal waste, and aquatic organisms. We also examine the efficiency of these materials in removing pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, and emerging organic contaminants. BCMs have great environmental remediation potential because of their high surface area and porosity. The review discusses essential biomass carbon materials (BCMs) like activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and biochar, along with their production techniques, including hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), pyrolysis, and microwave-assisted methods. It also explores strategies for modifying BCMs to enhance their adsorption capabilities and effectiveness in tackling water pollution. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges related to biomass conversion, processing, and commercialization that must be addressed to facilitate using BCMs for environmental purposes.