Advances in Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Two-Dimensional Materials for Next-Generation Energy Storage: A Review

The escalating global energy demand and the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions have driven research into new materials for energy storage uses. Among them, two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a transformative class due to their atomic-scale thickness, high surface area and adjustable properties. This review summarizes recent progress in 2D materials for energy storage, beginning with graphene and extending to the families of MXenes. Synthesis methods are critically assessed, encompassing top-down exfoliation and bottom-up growth techniques, with a focus on how these approaches effect on scalability, quality and structural integrity. Advanced characterization tools are discussed for their role in elucidating structure-property relationships and guiding material optimization. The review also highlights applications across lithium-ion, sodium-ion and supercapacitor batteries, as well as other emerging storage devices and evaluates electrochemical performance in terms of capacity, cycling stability and rate capability. Current barriers, including large-scale manufacturing, cost and environmental sustainability, are examined alongside opportunities for innovation. In addtion, the review outlines future directions and research opportunities, emphasizing pathways toward practical implementation. Combines recent advances in synthesis strategies, characterization, application and challenges, this work provides a comprehensive resource for researchers, engineers and policymakers seeking to advance 2D materials in next-generation energy storage systems.