Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality Levels in Industrial Estate of Dammam

Saudi Arabia has significantly intensified efforts to address environmental hazards, focusing on comprehensive assessments and protection strategies. This study evaluates indoor and outdoor air quality across industrial sectors within Dammam’s industrial estate. The study covered four large, 23 medium-sized, and eight small enterprises. The study monitored hourly indoor and outdoor TSP, SO₂, NO₂, and CO over six months across Dammam’s industrial estate. TSP was the predominant pollutant across sectors, with multiple sites exceeding guideline thresholds; SO₂ and NO₂ showed sector-specific elevations. Indoor/outdoor ratios indicated substantial outdoor influence on indoor levels, and meteorology (temperature, relative humidity, wind) was significantly correlated with pollutant variability. Findings prioritize dust control and combustion-source mitigation, ventilation upgrades, and targeted compliance monitoring.