Governing the blue economy in arid coastal regions: opportunities, constraints, and stakeholder perspectives from the Eastern Province coast of Saudi Arabia

Introduction: The blue economy has emerged as a strategic framework for aligning marine-based economic development with environmental sustainability and social equity. Empirical evidence from arid and industrialized coastal regions, however, remains limited. Methods: This study employs a convergent mixed-methods design using a structured questionnaire administered to 404 stakeholders across the Eastern Province coastline of Saudi Arabia, complemented by qualitative open-ended responses. Quantitative analyses included descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and regression modeling, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Results: Results indicate strong stakeholder support for blue economy development, particularly in fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, and logistics. Two core dimensions, perceived opportunities and perceived constraints, significantly influence stakeholder support. Institutional fragmentation, environmental degradation, and weak regulatory enforcement emerged as key barriers. Discussion: Findings reveal a dual governance dynamic characterized by high economic optimism alongside institutional and environmental concerns. Strengthening coordination, participation, and regulatory enforcement is essential for sustainable blue economy governance in arid coastal regions.