Understanding knowledge and practices of nutritional supplements in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND: The use of nutritional supplements (NSs) has increased worldwide and is usually driven by improved health, athletic performance, and esthetics. However, motivations, practices, and health impacts differ across populations. The aim of this research was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices of NSs, especially those with public health implications, such as folic acid and iodine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among Saudi adults in the Eastern Province. Using convenient sampling, online questionnaire solicited data on demographics, health status, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding NSs. Initial data analysis included descriptive statistics; knowledge scores between groups were compared using Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis test. RESULTS: A total of 483 Saudi adults completed the questionnaire; 55.3% were male and 43.9% were aged 18 to <36 years. Knowledge about iodine and Vitamin B12 was highest but was moderate for folic acid and Vitamin C. Knowledge of folic acid/iodine and Vitamin C varied significantly by age, sex, education, employment, and smoking status (P < 0.05). Most respondents (69.8%) had a favorable attitude toward supplements. About half of the participants reported using nutritional supplements, but only 20.4% used supplements regularly, mainly Vitamin D and multivitamins. Most commonly reported barriers included costs and the fear of side effects. CONCLUSION: Respondents had good knowledge and positive attitudes toward NSs, but usage was low. Knowledge gaps included folic acid fortification and awareness of Vitamin C deficiency. This highlights the need for targeted educational campaigns.