Unpacking the drivers of access to low-carbon energy technologies in Nigeria

Nigeria is endowed with abundant low-carbon energy resources, including wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and geothermal. However, the government faces challenges in providing a consistent power supply and easy access to energy. Access to low-carbon energy technologies is widely recognized as a crucial factor for economic and social development. Low rates of energy access, particularly in remote rural areas, have prompted Nigeria and many other developing nations to set ambitious goals for expanding the reach of low-carbon energy technologies. Economically viable options, such as photovoltaic-hybrid mini-grids, solar home systems, solar mini-grid systems, and small hydropower systems, have been suggested for reaching communities distant from centralized grid infrastructure. This research aims to identify the drivers that facilitate or hinder access to low-carbon energy technologies in Nigeria, the range of available low-carbon energy resources, and the regulatory and legislative measures designed to ensure reliable and sustainable access to these technologies. The investigation highlights several factors influencing Nigeria's sustainable energy access, including policy and regulatory frameworks, the cost of grid extension, economic challenges, peer-to-peer energy-trading platforms, investment risks, tariff structures, socio-cultural characteristics, technical challenges, inadequate maintenance, project neglect, and lack of technical expertise. The study underscores the significant policy implications, emphasizing the necessity of tailored incentives for specific electrification pathways. It stresses the importance of prioritizing pro-poor strategies and expanding energy access to promote equity and alleviate energy poverty.